# @(#)asia      8.1
# <pre>

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
#
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
#
# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
#            std  dst
#            LMT        Local Mean Time
#       2:00 EET  EEST  Eastern European Time
#       2:00 IST  IDT   Israel
#       3:00 AST  ADT   Arabia*
#       3:30 IRST IRDT  Iran
#       4:00 GST        Gulf*
#       5:30 IST        India
#       7:00 ICT        Indochina*
#       7:00 WIT        west Indonesia
#       8:00 CIT        central Indonesia
#       8:00 CST        China
#       9:00 CJT        Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
#       9:00 EIT        east Indonesia
#       9:00 JST  JDT   Japan
#       9:00 KST  KDT   Korea
#       9:30 CST        (Australian) Central Standard Time
#
# See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.

# From Guy Harris:
# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
# Worldwide Edition).  The names for time zones are guesses.

###############################################################################

# These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    EUAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
Rule    EUAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
Rule E-EurAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
Rule E-EurAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule E-EurAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1984    -       Apr     1        0:00   1:00    S
Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1983    -       Oct     1        0:00   0       -
Rule RussiaAsia 1984    1991    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule RussiaAsia 1985    1991    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule RussiaAsia 1992    only    -       Mar     lastSat 23:00   1:00    S
Rule RussiaAsia 1992    only    -       Sep     lastSat 23:00   0       -
Rule RussiaAsia 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule RussiaAsia 1993    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule RussiaAsia 1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -

# Afghanistan
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Kabul      4:36:48 -       LMT     1890
                        4:00    -       AFT     1945
                        4:30    -       AFT

# Armenia
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# Shanks has Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST) in spring 1991,
# then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then readopting Russian DST in 1997.
# Go with Shanks, even when he disagrees with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Yerevan    2:58:00 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        3:00    -       YERT    1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
                        4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        3:00    1:00    YERST   1991 Sep 23 # independence
                        3:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT   1995 Sep 24 2:00s
                        4:00    -       AMT     1997
                        4:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT

# Azerbaijan
# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
# Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Azer    1997    max     -       Mar     lastSun  4:00   1:00    S
Rule    Azer    1997    max     -       Oct     lastSun  5:00   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Baku       3:19:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        3:00    -       BAKT    1957 Mar    # Baku Time
                        4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        3:00    1:00    BAKST   1991 Aug 30 # independence
                        3:00 RussiaAsia AZ%sT   1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
                        4:00    -       AZT     1996 # Azerbaijan time
                        4:00    EUAsia  AZ%sT   1997
                        4:00    Azer    AZ%sT

# Bahrain
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Bahrain    3:22:20 -       LMT     1920            # Al Manamah
                        4:00    -       GST     1972 Jun
                        3:00    -       AST

# Bangladesh
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Dhaka      6:01:40 -       LMT     1890
                        5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
                        6:30    -       BURT    1942 May 15 # Burma Time
                        5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
                        6:30    -       BURT    1951 Sep 30
                        6:00    -       DACT    1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time
                        6:00    -       BDT     # Bangladesh Time

# Bhutan
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Thimphu    5:58:36 -       LMT     1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
                        5:30    -       IST     1987 Oct
                        6:00    -       BTT     # Bhutan Time

# British Indian Ocean Territory
# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
# 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Indian/Chagos   4:49:40 -       LMT     1907
                        5:00    -       IOT     1996 # BIOT Time
                        6:00    -       IOT

# Brunei
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Brunei     7:39:40 -       LMT     1926 Mar   # Bandar Seri Begawan
                        7:30    -       BNT     1933
                        8:00    -       BNT

# Burma / Myanmar
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Rangoon    6:24:40 -       LMT     1880            # or Yangon
                        6:24:36 -       RMT     1920       # Rangoon Mean Time?
                        6:30    -       BURT    1942 May   # Burma Time
                        9:00    -       JST     1945 May 3
                        6:30    -       MMT                # Myanmar Time

# Cambodia
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Phnom_Penh 6:59:40 -       LMT     1906 Jun  9
                        7:06:20 -       SMT     1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
                        7:00    -       ICT     1912 May
                        8:00    -       ICT     1931 May
                        7:00    -       ICT

# China

# From Guy Harris:
# People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
# Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
# has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
#
# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
# painful to suck in another copy..  So, here is what I have for
# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
#
#     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
#     1987 mid-April - ??

# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
# CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
# CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10

# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
# Shanks writes that China has had a single time zone since 1980 May 1,
# observing summer DST from 1986 through 1991; this contradicts Devine's
# note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
# Go with Shanks for now.  I made up names for the other pre-1980 time zones.

# From Shanks:
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Shang   1940    1941    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       S
Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Mar     16      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    PRC     1986    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    PRC     1986    1991    -       Sep     Sun>=11 0:00    0       S
Rule    PRC     1987    1991    -       Apr     Sun>=10 0:00    1:00    D
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
#
# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949):
# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
Zone    Asia/Harbin     8:26:44 -       LMT     1928 # or Haerbin
                        8:30    -       CHAT    1932 Mar # Changbai Time
                        8:00    -       CST     1940
                        9:00    -       CHAT    1966 May
                        8:30    -       CHAT    1980 May
                        8:00    PRC     C%sT
# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
Zone    Asia/Shanghai   8:05:52 -       LMT     1928
                        8:00    Shang   C%sT    1949
                        8:00    PRC     C%sT
# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
Zone    Asia/Chongqing  7:06:20 -       LMT     1928 # or Chungking
                        7:00    -       LONT    1980 May # Long-shu Time
                        8:00    PRC     C%sT
# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
Zone    Asia/Urumqi     5:50:20 -       LMT     1928 # or Urumchi
                        6:00    -       URUT    1980 May # Urumqi Time
                        8:00    PRC     C%sT
# Kunlun Time
Zone    Asia/Kashgar    5:03:56 -       LMT     1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
                        5:30    -       KAST    1940     # Kashgar Time
                        5:00    -       KAST    1980 May
                        8:00    PRC     C%sT

# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Apr     20      3:30    1:00    S
Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Dec     1       3:30    0       -
Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Apr     13      3:30    1:00    S
Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    0       -
Rule    HK      1948    only    -       May     2       3:30    1:00    S
Rule    HK      1948    1952    -       Oct     lastSun 3:30    0       -
Rule    HK      1949    1953    -       Apr     Sun>=1  3:30    1:00    S
Rule    HK      1953    only    -       Nov     1       3:30    0       -
Rule    HK      1954    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=18 3:30    1:00    S
Rule    HK      1954    only    -       Oct     31      3:30    0       -
Rule    HK      1955    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1  3:30    0       -
Rule    HK      1965    1977    -       Apr     Sun>=16 3:30    1:00    S
Rule    HK      1965    1977    -       Oct     Sun>=16 3:30    0       -
Rule    HK      1979    1980    -       May     Sun>=8  3:30    1:00    S
Rule    HK      1979    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=16 3:30    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Hong_Kong  7:36:36 -       LMT     1904 Oct 30
                        8:00    HK      HK%sT


###############################################################################

# Taiwan

# Shanks writes that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
# was still controlled by Japan.  This is hard to believe, but we don't
# have any other information.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Taiwan  1945    1951    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Taiwan  1945    1951    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
Rule    Taiwan  1952    only    -       Mar     1       0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Taiwan  1952    1954    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       S
Rule    Taiwan  1953    1959    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Taiwan  1955    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
Rule    Taiwan  1960    1961    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
Rule    Taiwan  1980    only    -       Jun     30      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Taiwan  1980    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Taipei     8:06:00 -       LMT     1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
                        8:00    Taiwan  C%sT

# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Macau   1961    1962    -       Mar     Sun>=16 3:30    1:00    S
Rule    Macau   1961    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1  3:30    0       -
Rule    Macau   1963    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Macau   1964    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16 3:30    1:00    S
Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Oct     31      0:00    0       -
Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Apr     Sun>=16 3:30    1:00    S
Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Oct     Sun>=16 3:30    0       -
Rule    Macau   1972    1974    -       Apr     Sun>=15 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Macau   1972    1973    -       Oct     Sun>=15 0:00    0       -
Rule    Macau   1974    1977    -       Oct     Sun>=15 3:30    0       -
Rule    Macau   1975    1977    -       Apr     Sun>=15 3:30    1:00    S
Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=15 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=15 0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Macau      7:34:20 -       LMT     1912
                        8:00    Macau   MO%sT   1999 Dec 20 # return to China
                        8:00    PRC     C%sT


###############################################################################

# Cyprus
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Apr     13      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Oct     12      0:00    0       -
Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       Oct     11      0:00    0       -
Rule    Cyprus  1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Cyprus  1977    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
Rule    Cyprus  1978    only    -       Oct     2       0:00    0       -
Rule    Cyprus  1979    1997    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Cyprus  1981    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Nicosia    2:13:28 -       LMT     1921 Nov 14
                        2:00    Cyprus  EE%sT   1998 Sep
                        2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.

# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
Link    Asia/Nicosia    Europe/Nicosia

# Georgia
# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
#
# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
#
# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
#
# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
# ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
# of integration into Europe.

# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
# about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.


# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Tbilisi    2:59:16 -       LMT     1880
                        2:59:16 -       TBMT    1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
                        3:00    -       TBIT    1957 Mar    # Tbilisi Time
                        4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        3:00    1:00    TBIST   1991 Apr  9 # independence
                        3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT   1992 # Georgia Time
                        3:00 E-EurAsia  GE%sT   1994 Sep lastSun
                        4:00 E-EurAsia  GE%sT   1996 Oct lastSun
                        4:00    1:00    GEST    1997 Mar lastSun
                        4:00 E-EurAsia  GE%sT   2004 Jun 27
                        3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT   2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
                        4:00    -       GET

# East Timor

# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
# <a href="http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm">
# East Timor may be late for its millennium
# </a> (1999-12-26/31):
# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
# conflicts with their way of life.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.

# <a href="http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/last/00-08-16.undh.html">
# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
# (2000-08-16)</a>:
# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
# midnight on Saturday, September 16.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Dili       8:22:20 -       LMT     1912
                        8:00    -       TLT     1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
                        9:00    -       JST     1945 Aug
                        9:00    -       TLT     1976 May  3
                        8:00    -       CIT     2000 Sep 17 00:00
                        9:00    -       TLT

# India
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Calcutta   5:53:28 -       LMT     1880    # Kolkata
                        5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
                        6:30    -       BURT    1942 May 15 # Burma Time
                        5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
                        5:30    1:00    IST     1945 Oct 15
                        5:30    -       IST
# The following are like Asia/Calcutta:
#       Andaman Is
#       Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
#       Nicobar Is

# Indonesia
#
# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks:
# <http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime>
# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Jakarta       7:07:12 -       LMT     1867 Aug 10
# Shanks says the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
# but this must be a typo.
                        7:07:12 -       JMT     1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
                        7:20    -       JAVT    1932 Nov         # Java Time
                        7:30    -       WIT     1942 Mar 23
                        9:00    -       JST     1945 Aug
                        7:30    -       WIT     1948 May
                        8:00    -       WIT     1950 May
                        7:30    -       WIT     1964
                        7:00    -       WIT
Zone Asia/Pontianak     7:17:20 -       LMT     1908 May
                        7:17:20 -       PMT     1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
                        7:30    -       WIT     1942 Jan 29
                        9:00    -       JST     1945 Aug
                        7:30    -       WIT     1948 May
                        8:00    -       WIT     1950 May
                        7:30    -       WIT     1964
                        8:00    -       CIT     1988 Jan  1
                        7:00    -       WIT
Zone Asia/Makassar      7:57:36 -       LMT     1920
                        7:57:36 -       MMT     1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
                        8:00    -       CIT     1942 Feb  9
                        9:00    -       JST     1945 Aug
                        8:00    -       CIT
Zone Asia/Jayapura      9:22:48 -       LMT     1932 Nov
                        9:00    -       EIT     1944
                        9:30    -       CST     1964
                        9:00    -       EIT

# Iran

# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
#
#       Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
#       No. 16760/T233 H                                1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
#
#       The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
#
#       The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
#       based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
#       of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
#       and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
#       and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
#       for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
#
#       The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
#       at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
#       to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
#       Shahrivar.
#
#       First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
#
# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
# for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
# I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
# here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
#
# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
# leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
# plan to change that law....
#
# From Paul Eggert (2005-04-05):
# Go with Shanks before September 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
#
# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
# known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
# no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Iran    1978    1980    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    1978    only    -       Oct     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    1979    only    -       Sep     19      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    1980    only    -       Sep     23      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    1991    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    1992    1995    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    1991    1995    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2005    2007    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2005    2007    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Iran    2036    2037    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iran    2036    2037    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Tehran     3:25:44 -       LMT     1916
                        3:25:44 -       TMT     1946    # Tehran Mean Time
                        3:30    -       IRST    1977 Nov
                        4:00    Iran    IR%sT   1979
                        3:30    Iran    IR%sT


# Iraq
#
# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
#
# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
# to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
#
# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Iraq    1982    only    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iraq    1982    1984    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
Rule    Iraq    1983    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iraq    1984    1985    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Iraq    1985    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       S
Rule    Iraq    1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    D
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
# Shanks says Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997 or 1999 on; ignore this.
Rule    Iraq    1991    max     -       Apr      1      3:00s   1:00    D
Rule    Iraq    1991    max     -       Oct      1      3:00s   0       S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Baghdad    2:57:40 -       LMT     1890
                        2:57:36 -       BMT     1918        # Baghdad Mean Time?
                        3:00    -       AST     1982 May
                        3:00    Iraq    A%sT


###############################################################################

# Israel

# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
#
# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
# different abbreviations in use:
#
# JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
# IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
#
# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
# I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
# EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
# settings in Israeli computers.
#
# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
# family is from India).

# From Shanks:
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Zion    1940    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1942    1944    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1943    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1944    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Apr     16      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       May     23      0:00    2:00    DD
Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1948    1949    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1949    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Sep     15      3:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Nov     11      3:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Apr     20      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Oct     19      3:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Apr     12      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Sep     13      3:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Jun     13      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Sep     12      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Jun     11      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Sep     11      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Oct     13      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Aug     31      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Apr     14      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Sep     15      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       May     18      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       Sep      7      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Apr      9      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S

# From Ephraim Silverberg
# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
# and 2005-02-17):

# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
# days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
# time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
# conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
# 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Mar     25      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Aug     26      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Mar     24      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Mar     29      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Sep      5      0:00    0       S

# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Aug     28      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S

# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
# time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
#
#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
#
# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
#
# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
#
#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
#
#       where YYYY is the relevant year.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Mar     15      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Sep     14      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Mar     20      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Sep      3      2:00    0       S

# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
# years 2001-2004 as well.
#
# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
#
#       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
#
# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
#
#       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Apr     14      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Oct      6      1:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Apr      9      1:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Sep     24      1:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Mar     29      1:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Oct      7      1:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Mar     28      1:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Oct      3      1:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Apr      7      1:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Sep     22      1:00    0       S

# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
#
# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
#
#       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps

# From Paul Eggert (2005-02-22):
# I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
# <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
# along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
# to generate the transitions in this list.
# (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
# The spring transitions below all correspond to the following Rule:
#
# Rule  Zion    2005    max     -       Mar     Fri>=26 2:00    1:00    D
#
# but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
# "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
# springtime transitions explicitly.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Oct      9      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2006    2010    -       Mar     Fri>=26 2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2006    only    -       Oct      1      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2007    only    -       Sep     16      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2008    only    -       Oct      5      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2009    only    -       Sep     27      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2010    only    -       Sep     12      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Oct      2      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2012    2015    -       Mar     Fri>=26 2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Sep     23      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2013    only    -       Sep      8      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2014    only    -       Sep     28      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2015    only    -       Sep     20      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2016    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2016    only    -       Oct      9      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2017    2021    -       Mar     Fri>=26 2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2017    only    -       Sep     24      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2018    only    -       Sep     16      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2019    only    -       Oct      6      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2020    only    -       Sep     27      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2021    only    -       Sep     12      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2022    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2022    only    -       Oct      2      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2023    2032    -       Mar     Fri>=26 2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2023    only    -       Sep     24      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2024    only    -       Oct      6      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2025    only    -       Sep     28      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2026    only    -       Sep     20      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2027    only    -       Oct     10      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2028    only    -       Sep     24      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2029    only    -       Sep     16      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2030    only    -       Oct      6      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2031    only    -       Sep     21      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2032    only    -       Sep     12      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2033    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2033    only    -       Oct      2      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2034    2037    -       Mar     Fri>=26 2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Zion    2034    only    -       Sep     17      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2035    only    -       Oct      7      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2036    only    -       Sep     28      2:00    0       S
Rule    Zion    2037    only    -       Sep     13      2:00    0       S

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Jerusalem  2:20:56 -       LMT     1880
                        2:20:40 -       JMT     1918    # Jerusalem Mean Time?
                        2:00    Zion    I%sT



###############################################################################

# Japan

# `9:00' and `JST' is from Guy Harris.

# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but ``the system was discontinued
# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours.''

# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times
# <http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm>:
# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
# [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
# deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
# wanted to keep it.)

# Shanks writes that daylight saving in Japan during those years was as follows:
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sat>=8  2:00    0       S
Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    D
# but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
# Shanks's audience is astrologers) were US military bases.  For now, assume
# that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
# would have been the point of the 1951 poll?

# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
# Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0.
# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.

# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
# which stands for the time on E 135 degree.
# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
# standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
# time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree....  But "western standard
# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
# standard....
#
# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.

# Shanks claims JST in use since 1896, and that a few places (e.g. Ishigaki)
# use +0800; go with Suzuki.  Guess that all ordinances took effect on Jan 1.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
                        9:00    -       JST     1896
                        9:00    -       CJT     1938
                        9:00    Japan   J%sT
# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.

# Jordan
#
# From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html">
# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
# all year round.
#
# From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html">
# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
# by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
# government's departments from six to seven hours.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
# For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
# about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Jordan  1973    only    -       Jun     6       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1973    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1974    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1976    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1977    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1986    1988    -       Apr     Fri>=1  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1986    1990    -       Oct     Fri>=1  0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1989    only    -       May     8       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1990    only    -       Apr     27      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Apr     17      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1992    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1992    1993    -       Oct     Fri>=1  0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1993    1998    -       Apr     Fri>=1  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1994    only    -       Sep     Fri>=15 0:00    0       -
Rule    Jordan  1995    1998    -       Sep     Fri>=15 0:00s   0       -
Rule    Jordan  1999    only    -       Jul      1      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  1999    2002    -       Sep     lastThu 0:00s   0       -
Rule    Jordan  2000    max     -       Mar     lastThu 0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Jordan  2003    only    -       Oct     24      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Jordan  2004    only    -       Oct     15      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Jordan  2005    max     -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Amman      2:23:44 -       LMT     1931
                        2:00    Jordan  EE%sT


# Kazakhstan

# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# Andrew Evtichov (1996-04-13) writes that Kazakhstan
# stayed in sync with Moscow after 1990, and that Aqtobe (formerly Aktyubinsk)
# and Aqtau (formerly Shevchenko) are the largest cities in their zones.
# Guess that Aqtau and Aqtobe diverged in 1995, since that's the first time
# IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.

# From Paul Eggert (2001-10-18):
# German Iofis, ELSI, Almaty (2001-10-09) reports that Kazakhstan uses
# RussiaAsia rules, instead of switching at 00:00 as the IATA has it.
# Go with Shanks, who has them always using RussiaAsia rules.
# Also go with the following claims of Shanks:
#
# - Kazakhstan did not observe DST in 1991.
# - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
# - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.

# <a href="http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm">
# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11 (2005-03-21):
# </a>
# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
#
# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
# was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtobe, Atyrau,
# Mangghystau, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
# everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.

#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
#
# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
Zone    Asia/Almaty     5:07:48 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
                        5:00    -       ALMT    1930 Jun 21 # Alma-Ata Time
                        6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT  1991
                        6:00    -       ALMT    1992
                        6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT  2005 Mar 15
                        6:00    -       ALMT
# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.)
Zone    Asia/Qyzylorda  4:21:52 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        4:00    -       KIZT    1930 Jun 21 # Kizilorda Time
                        5:00    -       KIZT    1981 Apr  1
                        5:00    1:00    KIZST   1981 Oct  1
                        6:00    -       KIZT    1982 Apr  1
                        5:00 RussiaAsia KIZ%sT  1991
                        5:00    -       KIZT    1991 Dec 16 # independence
                        5:00    -       QYZT    1992 Jan 19 2:00
                        6:00 RussiaAsia QYZ%sT  2005 Mar 15
                        6:00    -       QYZT
# Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Akt'ubinsk)
Zone    Asia/Aqtobe     3:48:40 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        4:00    -       AKTT    1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
                        5:00    -       AKTT    1981 Apr  1
                        5:00    1:00    AKTST   1981 Oct  1
                        6:00    -       AKTT    1982 Apr  1
                        5:00 RussiaAsia AKT%sT  1991
                        5:00    -       AKTT    1991 Dec 16 # independence
                        5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT  2005 Mar 15 # Aqtobe Time
                        5:00    -       AQTT
# Mangghystau
# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
# so include time stamps before 1963.
Zone    Asia/Aqtau      3:21:04 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        4:00    -       FORT    1930 Jun 21 # Fort Shevchenko T
                        5:00    -       FORT    1963
                        5:00    -       SHET    1981 Oct  1 # Shevchenko Time
                        6:00    -       SHET    1982 Apr  1
                        5:00 RussiaAsia SHE%sT  1991
                        5:00    -       SHET    1991 Dec 16 # independence
                        5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT  1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
                        4:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT  2005 Mar 15
                        5:00    -       AQTT
# West Kazakhstan
Zone    Asia/Oral       3:25:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
                        4:00    -       URAT    1930 Jun 21 # Ural'sk time
                        5:00    -       URAT    1981 Apr  1
                        5:00    1:00    URAST   1981 Oct  1
                        6:00    -       URAT    1982 Apr  1
                        5:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT  1989 Mar 26 2:00
                        4:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT  1991
                        4:00    -       URAT    1991 Dec 16 # independence
                        4:00 RussiaAsia ORA%sT  2005 Mar 15 # Oral Time
                        5:00    -       ORAT

# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
# <http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml>
# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Apr     Sun>=7  0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:30    1:00    S
Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2004    -       Oct     lastSun 2:30    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Bishkek    4:58:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        5:00    -       FRUT    1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
                        6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        5:00    1:00    FRUST   1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
                        5:00    Kyrgyz  KG%sT   2005 Aug 12    # Kyrgyzstan Time
                        6:00    -       KGT

###############################################################################

# Korea (North and South)

# From Guy Harris:
# According to someone at the Korean Times in San Francisco,
# Daylight Savings Time was not observed until 1987.  He did not know
# at what time of day DST starts or ends.

# From Shanks:
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    ROK     1960    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    D
Rule    ROK     1960    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       May     Sun<=14 0:00    1:00    D
Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       Oct     Sun<=14 0:00    0       S

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Seoul      8:27:52 -       LMT     1890
                        8:30    -       KST     1904 Dec
                        9:00    -       KST     1928
                        8:30    -       KST     1932
                        9:00    -       KST     1954 Mar 21
                        8:00    ROK     K%sT    1961 Aug 10
                        8:30    -       KST     1968 Oct
                        9:00    ROK     K%sT
Zone    Asia/Pyongyang  8:23:00 -       LMT     1890
                        8:30    -       KST     1904 Dec
                        9:00    -       KST     1928
                        8:30    -       KST     1932
                        9:00    -       KST     1954 Mar 21
                        8:00    -       KST     1961 Aug 10
                        9:00    -       KST

###############################################################################

# Kuwait
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Kuwait     3:11:56 -       LMT     1950
                        3:00    -       AST

# Laos
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Vientiane  6:50:24 -       LMT     1906 Jun  9 # or Viangchan
                        7:06:20 -       SMT     1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
                        7:00    -       ICT     1912 May
                        8:00    -       ICT     1931 May
                        7:00    -       ICT

# Lebanon
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Oct     8       0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1972    only    -       Jun     22      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1972    1977    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1973    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1984    1987    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1984    1991    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1988    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1989    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1990    1992    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1992    only    -       Oct     4       0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Lebanon 1993    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Lebanon 1999    max     -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Beirut     2:22:00 -       LMT     1880
                        2:00    Lebanon EE%sT

# Malaysia
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Sep     14      0:00    0:20    TS # one-Third Summer
Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Dec     14      0:00    0       -
#
# peninsular Malaysia
# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
# <http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html>.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur  6:46:46 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
                        6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
                        7:00    -       MALT    1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
                        7:00    0:20    MALST   1936 Jan  1
                        7:20    -       MALT    1941 Sep  1
                        7:30    -       MALT    1942 Feb 16
                        9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 12
                        7:30    -       MALT    1982 Jan  1
                        8:00    -       MYT     # Malaysia Time
# Sabah & Sarawak
# From Paul Eggert (2003-11-01):
# The data here are mostly from Shanks, but the 1942, 1945 and 1982
# transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Kuching       7:21:20 -       LMT     1926 Mar
                        7:30    -       BORT    1933    # Borneo Time
                        8:00    NBorneo BOR%sT  1942 Feb 16
                        9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 12
                        8:00    -       BORT    1982 Jan  1
                        8:00    -       MYT

# Maldives
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 -       LMT     1880    # Male
                        4:54:00 -       MMT     1960    # Male Mean Time
                        5:00    -       MVT             # Maldives Time

# Mongolia

# Shanks says that Mongolia has three time zones, but usno1995 and the CIA map
# Standard Time Zones of the World (1997-01)
# both say that it has just one.

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
# <a href="http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm">
# General Information Mongolia
# </a> (1999-09)
# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
# Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
# eight hours."

# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
# being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
# of implementation may have been different....
# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
# Suhbaatar, and possibly Khentij.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
# is good enough for our purposes.

# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
# there are three time zones.
#
# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-ulgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khovsgol, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Tov,
#       Bayankhongor, Ovorkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Omnogovi
# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sukhbaatar
#
# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]

# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykanen (2005-05-16) reports that
# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
# He also found
# <http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&>
# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sukhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Mongol  1983    1984    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Mongol  1983    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
# IATA SSIM says 1990s switches occurred at 00:00, but Shanks (1995) lists
# them at 02:00s, and McDow says the 2001 switches also occurred at 02:00.
# Also, IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks through 1998.
Rule    Mongol  1985    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Mongol  1984    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
Rule    Mongol  2001    only    -       Apr     lastSat 2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Mongol  2001    max     -       Sep     lastSat 2:00    0       -
Rule    Mongol  2002    max     -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    S

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
Zone    Asia/Hovd       6:06:36 -       LMT     1905 Aug
                        6:00    -       HOVT    1978    # Hovd Time
                        7:00    Mongol  HOV%sT
# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
Zone    Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -      LMT     1905 Aug
                        7:00    -       ULAT    1978    # Ulaanbaatar Time
                        8:00    Mongol  ULA%sT
# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tuemen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
Zone    Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 -       LMT     1905 Aug
                        7:00    -       ULAT    1978
                        8:00    -       ULAT    1983 Apr
                        9:00    Mongol  CHO%sT  # Choibalsan Time

# Nepal
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Katmandu   5:41:16 -       LMT     1920
                        5:30    -       IST     1986
                        5:45    -       NPT     # Nepal Time

# Oman
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Muscat     3:54:20 -       LMT     1920
                        4:00    -       GST

# Pakistan

# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.

# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
# Jesper Norgaard found this URL:
# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
# 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
# it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
#
# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
#
# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.


# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Apr     Sun>=2  0:01    1:00    S
Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2  0:01    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Karachi    4:28:12 -       LMT     1907
                        5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
                        5:30    1:00    IST     1945 Oct 15
                        5:30    -       IST     1951 Sep 30
                        5:00    -       KART    1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
                        5:00 Pakistan   PK%sT   # Pakistan Time

# Palestine

# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
#
# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
#
# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
# time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
# though.
#
# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
# Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
# East Jerusalem.
#
# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
# for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
#
# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
# Jordanian one).
#
# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
#
# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
# Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
# West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
# Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
#
# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
# have one).

# From Paul Eggert (1998-02-25):
# Shanks writes that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but we'll go
# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
# to Palestine's rules.  If you have more info about this, please
# send it to tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for incorporation into future editions.

# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
#
# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
# one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.

# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
# Daoud Kuttab writes in
# <a href="http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html">
# Holiday havoc
# </a> (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
# A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
# the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
# there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
# earlier--the same goes for Jordan.

# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -

Rule Palestine  1999    max     -       Apr     Fri>=15 0:00    1:00    S
Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15 0:00    0       -
Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
Rule Palestine  2005    max     -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Gaza       2:17:52 -       LMT     1900 Oct
                        2:00    Zion    EET     1948 May 15
                        2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
                        2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
                        2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
                        2:00 Palestine  EE%sT

# Paracel Is
# no information

# Philippines
# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claveria, governor-general of the
# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01.  Robert H. van Gent has a
# transcript of the decree in <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/idl/idl.htm>.
# The rest of this data is from Shanks.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Phil    1936    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Phil    1937    only    -       Feb     1       0:00    0       -
Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Apr     12      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    0       -
Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Manila     -15:56:00 -     LMT     1844 Dec 31
                        8:04:00 -       LMT     1899 May 11
                        8:00    Phil    PH%sT   1942 May
                        9:00    -       JST     1944 Nov
                        8:00    Phil    PH%sT

# Qatar
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Qatar      3:26:08 -       LMT     1920    # Al Dawhah / Doha
                        4:00    -       GST     1972 Jun
                        3:00    -       AST

# Saudi Arabia
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Riyadh     3:06:52 -       LMT     1950
                        3:00    -       AST

# Singapore
# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
# <http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html>.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Singapore  6:55:25 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
                        6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
                        7:00    -       MALT    1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
                        7:00    0:20    MALST   1936 Jan  1
                        7:20    -       MALT    1941 Sep  1
                        7:30    -       MALT    1942 Feb 16
                        9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 12
                        7:30    -       MALT    1965 Aug  9 # independence
                        7:30    -       SGT     1982 Jan  1 # Singapore Time
                        8:00    -       SGT

# Spratly Is
# no information

# Sri Lanka
# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
# (www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html, 1996-05-24,
# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
# reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
#
# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
# by Shamindra in
# <a href="news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net">
# Daily News - Hot News Section (1996-10-26)
# </a>:
# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Colombo    5:19:24 -       LMT     1880
                        5:19:32 -       MMT     1906    # Moratuwa Mean Time
                        5:30    -       IST     1942 Jan  5
                        5:30    0:30    IHST    1942 Sep
                        5:30    1:00    IST     1945 Oct 16 2:00
                        5:30    -       IST     1996 May 25 0:00
                        6:30    -       LKT     1996 Oct 26 0:30
                        6:00    -       LKT

# Syria
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Apr     Sun>=15 2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1963    1965    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1963    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1964    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1965    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1966    only    -       Apr     24      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1966    1976    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1967    1978    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1977    1978    -       Sep     1       2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Apr     9       2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Feb     16      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Oct     9       2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1987    only    -       Mar     1       2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1987    1988    -       Oct     31      2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1988    only    -       Mar     15      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Apr     1       2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1991    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1991    1992    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1992    only    -       Apr      8      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
# ignore all these claims and go with Shanks.
Rule    Syria   1994    1996    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1994    max     -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Syria   1997    1998    -       Mar     lastMon 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Syria   1999    max     -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Damascus   2:25:12 -       LMT     1920    # Dimashq
                        2:00    Syria   EE%sT

# Tajikistan
# From Shanks.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Dushanbe   4:35:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        5:00    -       DUST    1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
                        6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        5:00    1:00    DUSST   1991 Sep  9 2:00s
                        5:00    -       TJT                 # Tajikistan Time

# Thailand
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Bangkok    6:42:04 -       LMT     1880
                        6:42:04 -       BMT     1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
                        7:00    -       ICT

# Turkmenistan
# From Shanks.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Ashgabat   3:53:32 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
                        4:00    -       ASHT    1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
                        5:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00
                        4:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT  1991 Oct 27 # independence
                        4:00 RussiaAsia TM%sT   1992 Jan 19 2:00
                        5:00    -       TMT

# United Arab Emirates
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Dubai      3:41:12 -       LMT     1920
                        4:00    -       GST

# Uzbekistan
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Samarkand  4:27:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        4:00    -       SAMT    1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
                        5:00    -       SAMT    1981 Apr  1
                        5:00    1:00    SAMST   1981 Oct  1
                        6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00 # Tashkent Time
                        5:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT  1991 Sep  1 # independence
                        5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT   1992
                        5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT   1993
                        5:00    -       UZT
Zone    Asia/Tashkent   4:37:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        5:00    -       TAST    1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
                        6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        5:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT  1991 Sep  1 # independence
                        5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT   1992
                        5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT   1993
                        5:00    -       UZT

# Vietnam
# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
# Saigon's official name is Thanh-Pho Ho Chi Minh, but it's too long.
# We'll stick with the traditional name for now.
# From Shanks:
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Saigon     7:06:40 -       LMT     1906 Jun  9
                        7:06:20 -       SMT     1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
                        7:00    -       ICT     1912 May
                        8:00    -       ICT     1931 May
                        7:00    -       ICT

# Yemen
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Asia/Aden       3:00:48 -       LMT     1950
                        3:00    -       AST
